Eventually, Stephenson developed the

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Since the birth of the railway in 1804, has gone through two hundred years of history, almost throughout the entire process of industrialization of modern codeline humans. A section of the aorta stretches of endless steel, with its huge transport capacity, becoming the world's major industrial codeline countries access to resources codeline of the weapon, a profound impact on the world's political and economic situation. With the development of railways, technical content and complexity of the increasing railway machinery, has formed an annual output value of up to a trillion huge industrial system. Easily invest hundreds of billions of high-speed rail project, but it is the major industrial giant fierce battleground. Maneuvering of high-speed trains, with its ultimate performance, off the crown of the world railway industry, and even become a major industrial power to boast its own technical strength of the "national card."
In recent years, the rapid development of China in the field of high-speed railway, the scale has leaped to the world. However, for a variety of high-speed rail competing interests and power struggles, codeline so that the media is flooded with various types of coverage for high-speed rail. Especially after the 2011 Railways personnel changes and 7.23 Yong-Wen line major traffic accidents, to China's high-speed rail development cast a shadow. codeline In the chaotic things behind, we may recall the history of the world's high-speed rail development. Those little-known historical events, may give today's China high-speed rail development, to bring some enlightenment.
Railway originated in the United codeline Kingdom "rail codeline carriage." Early in the 16th century, the gradual codeline rise of the mining industry in Europe, with the increase in traffic, the soil surface has been difficult to load. The Germans have to learn the experience of ancient Rome, the first stone pavement codeline laying mines in Abkhazia, making horse carts out of the muddy dirt road, a lot of coal to be transported from the mine to the pier. But doing construction is too big, later changed to just lay in two rows of stone wheels codeline run over the place, it became a rock track. To 1660, coal mine near Newcastle appeared tub with wooden horse track, making construction more convenient. In 1763, seven years after the end of the Anglo-French war, as military dropped, making the British iron price plunged. Miners in order to solve the problem of easy to wear wooden track, put a layer of metal nailed to the wooden track, there has been the world's codeline first "tracks." But with the increase in traffic, Mongolian iron wood rails, codeline or overwhelmed.
1768, Shropshire, UK Coal Valley codeline (Coalbrookdale) Ironworks boss saw piles of pig iron factory, we can not sell to make money, but also take up a lot of places, they ordered the pig iron casting into , in the way the factory, ready to wait until then to sell when the price of iron. I did not expect such a plate rail, even used widely in the mining area, then further codeline converted into two L-shaped angle iron rails stuck wheel for driving horse-drawn carts. However, the presence of angle iron rails easily be litter, garbage packing problem. In 1789, the British civil engineer William Jessop (William Josias ,1745-1814), to design a convex outer rim protruding rails and cast iron wheels, in Loughborough - Leicestershire codeline Mara on the railway has been applied. This is the prototype of the modern railway. Jessop codeline was also invented the wheel rim protruding iron and railway turnouts. (Because the outer rim protruding locking fasteners needed, while the rim protruding rail wheel position itself to be binding.) Which became the standard form of modern railway wheel and rail. Turnout systems are numerous engineering staff after 120 years of painstaking exploration invention. In the era of wooden rail vehicles in order to convert the line to rely on transfer codeline plate.
The 18th century was the golden age of the British Industrial Revolution, there have been many important inventions affect human development, including devaluation of the steam engine. 1712, Dartmouth, Devon, UK Iron businessman codeline Thomas Newcomen codeline (Thomas Newcomen), piston-type steam engine manufactured and installed in Staffordshire colliery near Dudley Castle for pumping. This steam engine Bore 30.48 cm, can do 12 times per minute reciprocating power of 5.5 hp. The emergence of steam pumps, making codeline coal miners to be in deep coal mining. However Newcomen steam engine installed in the early invention is not much, until 1733, after the patent expires, generic who was increased. Newcomen steam engine there is a problem is the low thermal efficiency, requires large amounts of coal, which makes it the only economy in the coal mines.
1763, University of Glasgow technician James Watt (at age 27), in the merchant Roebuck and Bolton funding began to improve Newcomen steam engine. He have invented the separate condenser, adjustable valve, cylinder insulation, planetary gears, parallel motion linkage, centrifugal governor, pressure gauges and other components, and manufactured the first prototype in 1769, which EER Newcomen steam engine codeline increased more than five times. codeline This means that you can save a lot of fuel, improve the economic applicability of the steam engine. March 8, 1776, Birmingham, Bolton - watt company was officially established and began mass production of the steam engine. To 1800, when the termination of Watt's patent expires, there are 321 sets of Bolton - Watt steam engine, and the total power of 5210 hp. 38% of the steam engine for pumping water, the rest is used for the textile mills, iron furnaces, mills and other industrial equipment to power. To 1825, the number of British steam reach 1.5 million units, with a total power of 375,000 codeline horsepower, British industry will enter the explosive growth stage. (This year, for the five years of the Qing dynasty, 15 years after the outbreak of the First Opium War in Britain.)
February 1804, Englishman Richard codeline Trevithick (Richard Trevithick) made the world's first steam train, which entered codeline the railroad era of mankind. Trevithick was born in Cornwall, England in 1771 a miner family, codeline ranked number six, there are five sisters. Because of family influence a child he was able to come into contact with the steam engine pumping mine. When a teenager, Trevithick steam engine will be in the budding field, 19-year-old won the job in the mine technical advisers. At that time Newcomen steam engine codeline has been replaced by Watt steam engine. The Watt invented the steam engine is a low-pressure, large volume. Trevithick think, if you use high-pressure steam in the cylinder, you can create a smaller steam engine. This idea is mainly affected by his neighbors. His neighbor was a famous steam engine engineer - William Murdoch. Murdoch company in Watts, he had developed the first three rounds of the British steam car in 1784, the use of high-pressure steam engine. But commercial considerations interests watt high-pressure steam engine company has resisted, and against opponents with patent litigation.
In 1797, Trevithick codeline become mine engineer, married with a daughter of a blacksmith. He began the development of high-pressure steam engine, the assistance codeline in the foundry, made the first high-pressure steam plant "puffers". Watt's patent in order to avoid his boiler and transmission structures codeline are improved. Boiler cylinder can withstand the pressure of 0.34 MPa, a much smaller volume of steam Biwa Te, can be mounted to the vehicle body. Trevithick had hoped to be able to use high-pressure steam engine, Watt low pressure steam engine to replace the use of coal, but Watt said high-pressure codeline steam engine spread opinion unsafe, but miners wishes to update the device is not high. After suffering setbacks, he turned to the high-pressure codeline steam is applied to the transport vehicle. codeline
1801, Trevithick create the UK's first four-wheeled steam car, nicknamed "Puffing Devil", which developed the gasoline codeline engine Benz cars than the Germans 78 years earlier. After Christmas Eve, he and his cousin Andrew Vivian go for a drive, driving eight kilometers to a restaurant to eat and drink. The results parked outside the shop steam car, because the boiler water boiled away, causing a fire completely destroyed the vehicle. 1802, Trevithick and his cousin, shared the high-pressure steam engine patented and Coal Valley in Shropshire codeline foundry, creating a second high-pressure steam engine. In 1803, they made a second vehicle steam car "LondonSteamCarriage", aroused public concern. But in a car show in Taiwan due to driver error, hit the brick wall, and damage scrapped. And he installed in the mines a stationary high-pressure steam engine, boiler explosion killed four people injured due. In order to solve the security problem, he set (lead rivet) valve in the boiler, when the temperature is too high, the melt can lead to release the pressure valve.
1804, Trevithick codeline in Wales Pen-y-Darren foundry codeline made the third steam vehicles, also the world's first steam train wheel-rail "New Castle Road." The car weighs 4.5 tons, can pull 10 tons of goods, boiler steam pressure of 0.294 MPa, the top of the boiler is equipped with a flat cylinder, installed next to a large flywheel, by means of its rotational inertia force, maintaining reciprocating piston cylinder . Piston rod drive gear, drive under two front drive wheels. February 21, next to a canal in Merthyr Tydfil, Trevithick personally driving a factory-new steam locomotive, pulling five cars, loaded with 10 tons of goods and 70 passengers, along the 16 km long iron track, codeline finish the course at a speed of 3.9 km. This is the world's first train to run, with a four hours, much slower than the carriage. Due to the lack of competitive advantage, Trevithick's steam train complete failure in business. The genius inventor, and his frustrated. codeline When in 1810, he was an accident due to the tunneling contractor went bankrupt. When 15 years later, when the rise of the British steam railway, he could only watch as the British would "Father of the train," the crown, worn to George Stephenson's head. April 22, 1833, Trevithick died in Poverty and ill health, and even helped pay for funeral expenses are friends.
Stephenson (George Stephenson) codeline 比特里维西克 ten years younger, he was born in Northumberland (Newcastle) a family of miners in 1781, his father was pumping steam fireman on mine, an eight thanks to his father's meager codeline income maintenance. Stephenson childhood is not well-educated, at age 14 he went to do mine trainee fireman, codeline maintain tuition evening with wages. Diligent study, so that he soon became a skilled mechanical repairman. In 1812 he became a mechanic Keeling Worth (Killingworth) mine, is responsible for maintaining the steam machinery. This allows him the opportunity to find out about the Watt steam engine characteristics. In 1814, Stephen Johnson of mine made the first steam locomotive, named Blucher (von Blücher, the Prussian Field Marshal), July 25 conducted the first test. This steam locomotive has an 8-foot-long boiler and two horizontal cylinders, capable of pulling eight tub (load 30 tons), at a speed of 6.4 kilometers ahead. But then a wooden rail and cast iron rails (brittle and easy to crack) are not strong enough, the train is often pressure off track. Over the next 2056 years, Stephenson has for each of the 16 steam locomotive manufacturing mines and foundries with Newcastle and cooperation to improve codeline the performance of iron rails. In 1820, Stephen Johnson to Sunderland Hetton codeline mines, built a 13 km-long railway mine.
With a wealth codeline of experience in mining railway construction, from 1821 onwards, in Darlington businessman Edward Pease commissioned under Stephenson began to build the world's first public codeline railway - County Durham Stockton - up Linton railway, 27 kilometers in length. He finished with aides railway exploration, design, construction, and selection of Braun Dayton developed a new wrought codeline iron factory track (each 4.6 meters long, 18Kg / m, wrought iron toughness). June 1823, Stephenson and his son opened the locomotive factory in Newcastle, which is the world's first professional train factory. After four years of construction setbacks, September 27, 1825, Darlington Railway held a grand opening codeline ceremony, Stephenson himself driving his manufacture of this railway locomotive "trip number (Active)", took 12 trucks and 22 passenger cars, loaded 50 tons of coal and more than 450 passengers, at 24 kilometers per hour from Darlington drove to Stockton, Stockton and from then pulling coal and passengers, returned to Darlington. This is the first UK public transport railway, caused a public sensation, of course, of which there are some detractors.
May 5, 1826, the British Parliament passed codeline the construction of the Liverpool - Manchester railway scheme. codeline Stephenson was employed as chief engineer. Total length of 56 km of this railway, costing codeline up to 400,000, will have Manchester England codeline textile industry, and the largest port city of Liverpool connected. Works in opposition and a shortage of funds to promote the difficult situation. In response codeline to the opposition to question the performance of the steam locomotive, in April 1829, the railway company announced that it will hold a train game, choose the best traction for the new railway. October 8, this game of world attention, Heli Rhine railway line for the city. Originally had 10 locomotives competition, but five were unable to attend. The other is a five-part competition: codeline 伦敦赖斯怀特 Allison factory-made "new number" and weighs 2.76 tons; Darlington heck Wentz factory "unparalleled number" and weighs 4.4 tons; Newcastle Tyne area Stephen Johnson factory "Rocket" and weighs 4.1 tons; Liverpool Kues blue cloth made "global number" and weighs 3 tons; Edinburgh one hundred Woodstock manufacture of "perseverance number" and weighs 2.4 tons.
Eventually, Stephenson developed the "Rocket" to win the game. In front of 15,000 spectators, Rocket beat rivals glitches, codeline won the 500 prize money. September 15, 1830, Liverpool - Manchester Railway held a grand opening ceremony, the Prime Minister to attend the Duke of Wellington. Stephenson personally driving "Rocket", pulling 30 cars and more than 700 dignitaries dignitaries, driving up to 46 km per hour end, tens of thousands of jubilant spectators hat. To the end of 1830, Liverpool codeline - Manchester railway passenger total 70,000 people, in 1831 the total income of up to 500,000 transport, lucrative. To 1832, the UK has 24 commercial railway, one of the most prosperous years and carried 350,000 passengers and 700,000 tons of cargo. To 1836, the UK has 724 km of railway (the United States 2036 km), the main industrial zone as a single entity. British Rail has greatly promoted the trade and commerce